Whirlwind tours of popular and ought-to-be-more-popular programming languages, presented as valid, commented code and explained as they go: one page per language.
The pages are Learn X in Y minutes by Adam Bard and its many contributors (adambard/learnxinyminutes-docs), licensed under Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0.
How this site was made
Nobody copied a page by hand. exp_static_html_imports read the Markdown of that GitHub repository and turned all 201 English pages into real Exponential content: searchable, editable, permission-controlled and cached, with code blocks kept as code and every old address redirecting to its page.
- The first import: 201 pages created in 37 seconds, with one console command.
- Running it again: every page checked in about 6 seconds; only what changed upstream is updated.
- What it took: one settings group, one small PHP class of about 15 lines (titles from the pages' front matter), and its own siteaccess with its own content tree root.
Why it matters when your budget is zero
- No license fees: Exponential and its extensions are free software (GNU GPL v2 or later).
- No rewrite: a static site, a folder of Markdown or HTML, or a live website becomes a dynamic, editable website with one command.
- No lock-in: the source stays where it is. Import again whenever it changes; edits made in the CMS are flagged and kept, and pages removed upstream are hidden, never lost.
- No broken links: every old path redirects to its new page.
- Minutes, not weeks: start with a part of a source (--path, --limit), look first (--dry-run), then import the rest.
The step-by-step guide, with simple examples and the easy fixes for the usual complications (titles, classes, partial imports, re-runs): Recreate the doc.ez.no archive as your own website, or import any static site in minutes, with Exponential.
In this section
- Active Oberon Active Oberon is the last member of the Pascal / Modula-2 / Oberon family designed at ETH Zürich (1996-1998, by the group around Niklaus Wirth and Jürg Gutk...
- Ada Ada is a strong statically typed imperative, object-oriented , real-time , parallel and distributed programming language from the Pascal/Algol family o...
- Agda Agda is a dependently typed functional programming language. It is an extension of Martin-Löf's Type Theory. In Agda, programs and proofs are written in the...
- AMD Getting Started with AMD # The Asynchronous Module Definition API specifies a mechanism for defining JavaScript modules such that the module and its dep...
- AngularJS AngularJS Tutorial. # AngularJS version 1.0 was released in 2012. Miško Hevery, a Google employee, started to work with AngularJS in 2009. The idea turned...
- Ansible Introduction # --- "{{ Ansible }}" is an orchestration tool written in Python. ... Ansible is (one of many) orchestration tools. It allows you to con...
- APL ⍝ Comments in APL are prefixed by ⍝. ⍝ A list of numbers. (¯ is negative) 2 3e7 ¯4 50.3 ⍝ An expression, showing some functions. In APL, there's ⍝ no order...
- Arturo ; this is a comment ; this is another comment ;--------------------------------- ; VARIABLES & VALUES ;--------------------------------- ; numbers a1: 2 a2...
- AsciiDoc AsciiDoc is a markup language similar to Markdown and it can be used for anything from books to blogs. Created in 2002 by Stuart Rackham the language is simp...
- AssemblyScript AssemblyScript compiles a variant of TypeScript (basically JavaScript with types) to WebAssembly using Binaryen . It generates lean and mean WebAssembl...
- Asymptotic Notation What are they? # Asymptotic Notations are languages that allow us to analyze an algorithm's running time by identifying its behavior as the input size for...
- ATS ATS is a low-level functional programming language. It has a powerful type system which lets you write programs with the same level of control and efficiency...
- AWK AWK is a standard tool on every POSIX-compliant UNIX system. It's like flex/lex, from the command-line, perfect for text-processing tasks and other scripting...
- Ballerina Ballerina is a statically-typed programming language for making development for the cloud an enjoyable experience. // Single-line comment // Import modu...
- Bash Bash is a name of the Unix shell, which was also distributed as the shell for the GNU operating system and as the default shell on most Linux distros. This t...
- bc /*This is a multi- line comment.*/ /*1. Variables and control structures*/ num = 45 /*All variables save only doubles, and you cannot save string co...
- BF Brainfuck (not capitalized except at the start of a sentence) is an extremely minimal Turing-complete programming language with just 8 commands. You can try...
- BQN BQN is a modern array language (similar to APL) that aims to eliminate burdensome aspects of the APL tradition. It is recommended to try these code examples...
- C++ C++ is a systems programming language that, according to its inventor Bjarne Stroustrup , was designed to be a "better C" support data abstraction...
- C Ah, C. Still the language of modern high-performance computing. C is the lowest-level language most programmers will ever use, but it more than makes up f...
- Cangjie Cangjie is a statically typed, general-purpose programming language. It combines a C-family surface syntax with type inference, expression-oriented control f...
- Chapel You can read all about Chapel at Cray's official Chapel website . In short, Chapel is an open-source, high-productivity, parallel-programming language in de...
- CHICKEN CHICKEN is an implementation of Scheme programming language that can compile Scheme programs to C code as well as interpret them. CHICKEN supports R5RS and R...
- citron # All comments encompass a single line ########################################### ## 1. Primitive Data types and Operators ################################...
- Clojure macros As with all Lisps, Clojure's inherent homoiconicity gives you access to the full extent of the language to write code-generation routines called "macros"....
- Clojure Clojure is a Lisp family language developed for the Java Virtual Machine. It has a much stronger emphasis on pure functional programming than Common Lisp,...
- CMake CMake is a cross-platform, open-source build system. This tool allows you to test, compile, and create packages of your source code. The problem that CMake...
- COBOL COBOL is a business-oriented language revised multiple times since its original design in 1960. *COBOL. Coding like it's 1985. *Compiles with GnuCOBOL in...
- CoffeeScript CoffeeScript is a little language that compiles one-to-one into the equivalent JavaScript, and there is no interpretation at runtime. As one of the successor...
- ColdFusion ColdFusion is a scripting language for web development. Read more here. CFML # C old F usion M arkup L anguage ColdFusion started as a tag-base...
- Common Lisp Common Lisp is a general-purpose, multi-paradigm programming language suited for a wide variety of industry applications. It is frequently referred to as a p...
- Compojure Getting Started with Compojure # Compojure is a DSL for quickly creating performant web applications in Clojure with minimal effort: (ns myapp.core...
- Coq The Coq system is a proof assistant. It is designed to build and verify mathematical proofs. The Coq system contains the functional programming language Gall...
- Crystal # Everything is an object nil.class #=> Nil 100.class #=> Int32 true.class #=> Bool # Falsey values are: nil, false and null pointers !nil #=> true : B...
- C# C# is an elegant and type-safe object-oriented language that enables developers to build a variety of secure and robust applications that run on the cross-pl...
- CSS Web pages are built with HTML, which specifies the content of a page. CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is a separate language which specifies a page's appearanc...
- CSV CSV (Comma-Separated Values) is a lightweight file format used to store tabular data in plain text, designed for easy data exchange between programs, particu...
- CUE CUE is an expressive (but not Turing-complete) JSON superset, exportable to JSON or YAML. It supports optional types and many other conveniences for working...
- Cypher Cypher is Neo4j's query language for easily manipulating graphs. It reuses syntax from SQL and mixes it with kind of an ASCII-art to represent graphs. This t...
- D // You know what's coming... module hello; import std.stdio; // args is optional void main(string[] args) { writeln("Hello, World!"); } If you're li...
- Dart Dart is a single threaded, general purpose programming language. It borrows a lot from other mainstream languages. It supports Streams, Futures(known as Pro...
- Dhall Dhall is a programmable configuration language that provides a non-repetitive alternative to YAML. You can think of Dhall as: JSON + functions + types + imp...
- DirectX 9 Microsoft DirectX is a collection of application programming interfaces (APIs) for handling tasks related to multimedia, especially game programming and vid...
- Djot Djot is a lightweight markup language derived from CommonMark. It aims to be simple to parse, have little rules for edge cases, consistent, hard-wrap friend...
- Docker Docker is a tool that helps you build, test, ship and run applications seamlessly across various machines. It replicates the environment our software needs o...
- Dynamic Programming Introduction # Dynamic Programming is a powerful technique used for solving a particular class of problems as we will see. The idea is very simple, If you...
- Easylang Easylang is a simple programming language with built-in graphical functions and an easy-to-use browser IDE. Its simplified syntax and semantics make it well...
- EDN Extensible Data Notation (EDN) is a format for serializing data. EDN is a subset of the syntax used by Clojure. Reading data defined by EDN is safer than th...
- Emacs Lisp ;; This gives an introduction to Emacs Lisp in 15 minutes (v0.2d) ;; ;; First make sure you read this text by Peter Norvig: ;; http://norvig.com/21-days.html...
- Elixir Elixir is a modern functional language built on top of the Erlang VM. It's fully compatible with Erlang, but features a more standard syntax and many more fe...
- Elm Elm is a functional reactive programming language that compiles to (client-side) JavaScript. Elm is statically typed, meaning that the compiler catches most...
- Emacs Emacs started its life as "the extensible, customizable display editor" and grew over the years into a full-blown ecosystem. Many tasks, usually relegated...
- Erlang % Percent sign starts a one-line comment. %% Two percent characters shall be used to comment functions. %%% Three percent characters shall be used to comme...
- Factor Factor is a modern stack-based language, based on Forth, created by Slava Pestov. Code in this file can be typed into Factor, but not directly imported beca...
- fennel Fennel is a programming language that brings together the simplicity, speed, and reach of Lua with the flexibility of a lisp syntax and macro system. ;; C...
- fish Fish ( f riendly i nteractive sh ell) is the name of an exotic shell. That is a shell with a syntax that is derived from neither the Bourne-Shell nor the C...
- Forth Forth was created by Charles H. Moore in the 70s. It is an imperative, stack-based language and programming environment, being used in projects such as Open...
- Fortran Fortran is one of the oldest computer languages. It was developed in the 1950s by IBM for numeric calculations (Fortran is an abbreviation of "Formula Transl...
- F# F# is a general purpose functional/OO programming language. It's free and open source, and runs on Linux, Mac, Windows and more. It has a powerful type syst...
- GDScript GDScript is a dynamically and statically typed scripting language for the free and open source game engine Godot. Its syntax is vaguely similar to Python's....
- Git Git is a distributed version control and source code management system. It does this through a series of snapshots of your project, and it works with those...
- Gleam Gleam is a new language for Erlang's BEAM virtual machine that relies on the power of a robust type system, the expressiveness of functional programming, and...
- Go Go was created out of the need to get work done. It's not the latest trend in programming language theory, but it is a way to solve real-world problems. It...
- GolfScript GolfScript is an esoteric language that was developed in 2007 by Darren Smith. It is a scripting language with an interpreter written in Ruby. It lets you wr...
- Groovy Groovy is a dynamic language for the Java platform /* Set yourself up: 1) Install SDKMAN - http://sdkman.io/ 2) Install Groovy: sdk install groovy...
- Hack Hack lets you write code quickly, while also having safety features built in, like static typechecking. To run Hack code, install HHVM , the open-source v...
- Haml Haml is a markup language predominantly used with Ruby that cleanly and simply describes the HTML of any web document without the use of inline code. It is a...
- Haskell Haskell was designed as a practical, purely functional programming language. It's famous for its monads and its type system, but I keep coming back to it bec...
- Haxe Haxe is a general-purpose language that provides platform support for C++, C#, Swf/ActionScript, JavaScript, Java, PHP, Python, Lua, HashLink, and Neko byte...
- HCL Introduction # HCL (Hashicorp Configuration Language) is a high-level configuration language used in tools from Hashicorp (such as Terraform). HCL/Terrafo...
- HDL HDL (hardware description language) is a specialized language used to describe the structure/behavior of real world circuits. It is used by circuit designer...
- Hjson Hjson is an attempt to make JSON more human readable. Hjson is a syntax extension to JSON. It's NOT a proposal to replace JSON or to incorporate it into the...
- HOCON Human-Optimized Configuration Object Notation, or HOCON, is a configuration and data serialization format designed to be easily editable by humans. It's a s...
- HQ9+ HQ9+ is a joke programming language created by Cliff Biffle. It has only four commands and it isn't Turing-complete. There is only 4 commands, represented...
- HTML HTML stands for Hypertext Markup Language. It is a language which allows us to write pages for the World Wide Web. It is a markup language, it enables us to...
- HTTPie HTTPie is a powerful command-line HTTP client designed for easy interaction with HTTP servers. It provides a simple and intuitive interface, making it an exc...
- Hy Hy is a Lisp dialect built on top of Python. This is achieved by converting Hy code to Python's abstract syntax tree (AST). This allows Hy to call native Pyt...
- Inform7 Inform 7 is a natural language based language created by Graham Nelson and Emily Short for writing text adventures, but also potentially usable for other tex...
- Janet Janet is a Lisp-like (Clojure-like), lexically-scoped, dynamically-typed, garbage-collected, C-based, high-level language. The entire language (core library...
- Java Java is a general-purpose, concurrent, class-based, object-oriented computer programming language. Read more here. // Single-line comments start with //...
- JavaScript JavaScript was created by Netscape's Brendan Eich in 1995. It was originally intended as a simpler scripting language for websites, complementing the use of...
- Jinja Getting Started with Jinja # Jinja is a fast, expressive, and extensible templating engine for Python applications. Jinja includes a lot of functionaliti...
- jq jq is a tool for transforming JSON inputs and generating JSON outputs. As a programming language, jq supports boolean and arithmetic expressions, object and...
- jQuery jQuery is a JavaScript library that helps you "do more, write less". It makes many common JavaScript tasks and makes them easier to write. jQuery is used by...
- JSON JSON is an extremely simple data-interchange format. As json.org says, it is easy for humans to read and write and for machines to parse and generate. A p...
- Jsonnet Jsonnet is a powerful templating language for JSON. Any valid JSON document is a valid Jsonnet object. For an interactive demo/tutorial, click here // s...
- Julia Julia is a new homoiconic functional language focused on technical computing. While having the full power of homoiconic macros, first-class functions, and lo...
- kdb+ The q language and its database component kdb+ were developed by Arthur Whitney and released by Kx systems in 2003. q is a descendant of APL and as such is v...
- Kotlin Kotlin is a statically typed programming language for the JVM, Android and the browser. It is 100% interoperable with Java. Read more here. // Single-li...
- Lambda Calculus Lambda calculus (λ-calculus), originally created by Alonzo Church , is the world's smallest programming language. Despite not having numbers, strings, boole...
- LaTeX % All comment lines start with % % There are no multi-line comments % LaTeX is NOT a "What You See Is What You Get" word processing software like % MS Word,...
- LB Stanza LB Stanza (or Stanza for short) is a new optionally-typed general purpose programming language from the University of California, Berkeley. Stanza was design...
- LDPL LDPL is a powerful, C++ transpiled, open-source programming language designed from the ground up to be excessively expressive, readable, fast and easy to le...
- Lean 4 Lean 4 is a dependently typed functional programming language and an interactive theorem prover. /- An enumerated data type. -/ inductive Grade where |...
- Less Less is a CSS pre-processor, that adds features such as variables, nesting, mixins and more. Less (and other preprocessors, such as Sass ) help developers t...
- Lisp Flavoured Erlang (LFE) Lisp Flavoured Erlang (LFE) is a functional, concurrent, general-purpose programming language and Lisp dialect (Lisp-2) built on top of Core Erlang and the E...
- Linker script Position counter - the linker has a special variable "." (dot) always contains the current output position. ADDR (section) - returns the absolute address o...
- LiveScript LiveScript is a functional compile-to-JavaScript language which shares most of the underlying semantics with its host language. Nice additions come with curr...
- Logtalk Logtalk is an object-oriented logic programming language that extends and leverages Prolog with modern code encapsulation and code reuse mechanisms without c...
- LOLCODE LOLCODE is an esoteric programming language designed to resemble the speech of lolcats . BTW This is an inline comment BTW All code must begin with `HAI...
- Lua -- Two dashes start a one-line comment. --[[ Adding two ['s and ]'s makes it a multi-line comment. --]] -----------------------------------------...
- M (MUMPS) M, or MUMPS (Massachusetts General Hospital Utility Multi-Programming System) is a procedural language with a built-in NoSQL database. Or, it’s a database wi...
- Make A Makefile defines a graph of rules for creating a target (or targets). Its purpose is to do the minimum amount of work needed to update a target to the most...
- MakrellPy MakrellPy is the Python-hosted member of the Makrell language family. It compiles to Python AST and runs on CPython, so every Python library is available. Th...
- Markdown Markdown was created by John Gruber in 2004. It's meant to be an easy to read and write syntax which converts easily to HTML (and now many other formats as w...
- MATLAB MATLAB stands for MATrix LABoratory. It is a powerful numerical computing language commonly used in engineering and mathematics. %% Code sections start wi...
- Mercurial Mercurial is a free, distributed source control management tool. It offers you the power to efficiently handle projects of any size while using an intuitive...
- Mercury Mercury is a strict, pure functional/logic programming language, with influences from Prolog, ML, and Haskell. % Percent sign starts a one-line comment....
- MessagePack MessagePack is an efficient binary serialization format. It lets you exchange data among multiple languages like JSON. The benefits over other formats is tha...
- MiniScript MiniScript is a simple scripting language designed to be easily embedded in games and other software. It can also be used on the command line, or as a cross...
- MIPS Assembly The MIPS (Microprocessor without Interlocked Pipeline Stages) Assembly language is designed to work with the MIPS microprocessor paradigm designed by J. L. H...
- MongoDB MongoDB is a NoSQL document database for high volume data storage. MongoDB uses collections and documents for its storage. Each document consists of key-val...
- MoonScript MoonScript is a dynamic scripting language that compiles into Lua. It gives you the power of one of the fastest scripting languages combined with a rich set...
- Nim Nim (formerly Nimrod) is a statically typed, imperative programming language that gives the programmer power without compromising runtime efficiency. Nim is...
- niva Intro # Niva is a simple language that takes a lot of inspiration from Smalltalk. But leaning towards the functional side and static typed. Everything i...
- Nix Nix is a simple functional language developed for the Nix package manager and NixOS . You can evaluate Nix expressions using nix-instantiate or nix re...
- Nmap Learn Nmap in Y Minutes # So, you’re connected to a network and want to know what else is connected to it. Maybe you’re trying to find that mystery device...
- Nostos Nostos is a functional-first programming language with lightweight concurrency, pattern matching, and non-blocking I/O. Built in Rust, it features a register...
- Objective-C Objective-C is the main programming language used by Apple for the macOS and iOS operating systems and their respective frameworks, Cocoa and Cocoa Touch. It...
- OCaml OCaml is a strictly evaluated functional language with some imperative features. Along with Standard ML and its dialects it belongs to ML language family. F...
- Odin Odin was created by Bill "gingerBill" Hall. It is a general-purpose systems programming language that emphasizes simplicity, readability, and performance wit...
- OpenCV OpenCV # OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision) is a library of programming functions mainly aimed at real-time computer vision. Originally developed by Int...
- OpenGL Open Graphics Library ( OpenGL ) is a cross-language cross-platform application programming interface (API) for rendering 2D computer graphics and 3D vector...
- OpenMP OpenMP is a library used for parallel programming on shared-memory machines. OpenMP allows you to use simple high-level constructs for parallelism, while hi...
- OpenSCAD Draw 3D models with code using OpenSCAD . // Comments look like this // 3D Primitives cube(10); cube([5, 10, 20]); sphere(10); // Transformations trans...
- OSL OSL (Open Shading Language) is a programming language designed by Sony for Arnold Renderer used for creating shaders. Read more here. // Single-line co...
- p5.js p5.js is a JavaScript library that starts with the original goal of Processing , to make coding accessible for artists, designers, educators, and beginners,...
- Paren Paren is a dialect of Lisp. It is designed to be an embedded language. Some examples are from Racket. ;;; Comments ;; Single line comments start with a...
- Pascal Pascal is an imperative and procedural programming language, which Niklaus Wirth designed in 1968–69 and published in 1970, as a small, efficient language in...
- PCRE A regular expression (regex or regexp for short) is a special text string for describing a search pattern. e.g. to extract the protocol from a url string we...
- Perl Perl is a highly capable, feature-rich programming language with over 25 years of development. Perl runs on over 100 platforms from portables to mainframes...
- Phel Phel is a functional programming language that compiles to PHP. It is a dialect of Lisp inspired by Clojure and Janet. Features # Built on PHP's e...
- Phix -- single line comment // single line comment /* multi- line comment */ // Start programming immediately...
- Composer Composer is a tool for dependency management in PHP. It allows you to declare the libraries your project depends on and it will manage (install/update) them...
- PHP This document describes PHP 5+. <?php // PHP code must be enclosed with <?php tags // If your php file only contains PHP code, it is best practice // to...
- PowerShell PowerShell is a cross-platform task automation solution made up of a command-line shell, a scripting language, and a configuration management framework. Powe...
- Processing Introduction # Processing is a programming language for creation of digital arts and multimedia content, allowing non-programmers to learn fundamentals of...
- Prolog Prolog is a logic programming language first specified in 1972, and refined into multiple modern implementations. % This is a comment. % Prolog treats co...
- Protocol Buffers Protocol buffers are Google's language-neutral, platform-neutral, extensible mechanism for serializing structured data – think XML, but smaller, faster, and...
- Pug Pug is a language that compiles to HTML. It has a cleaner syntax with additional features like if statements and loops. It can also be used as a server-side...
- PureScript PureScript is a small strongly, statically typed language compiling to JavaScript. Learn more at https://www.purescript.org/ Documentation: https:...
- PyQt Qt is a widely-known framework for developing cross-platform software that can be run on various software and hardware platforms with little or no change in...
- Python Python was created by Guido van Rossum in the early 90s. It is now one of the most popular languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its syntact...
- Python 2 (legacy) Python was created by Guido Van Rossum in the early 90s. It is now one of the most popular languages in existence. I fell in love with Python for its syntact...
- Statistical computing with Python This is a tutorial on how to do some typical statistical programming tasks using Python. It's intended for people basically familiar with Python and experien...
- QML // This is a completely valid QML file that you can run using `qmlscene` if you copy the contents // into a *.qml file. // Comments start with double forward...
- Q# Q# is a high-level domain-specific language which enables developers to write quantum algorithms. Q# programs can be executed on a quantum simulator running...
- Qt Qt is a widely-known framework for developing cross-platform software that can be run on various software and hardware platforms with little or no change in...
- R R is a statistical computing language. It has lots of libraries for uploading and cleaning data sets, running statistical procedures, and making graphs. You...
- Racket Racket is a general purpose, multi-paradigm programming language in the Lisp/Scheme family. #lang racket ; defines the language we are using ;;; Comments...
- Pod Pod is an easy-to-use and purely descriptive mark-up language, with no presentational components. Besides its use for documenting Raku programs and modules,...
- Raku Raku (formerly Perl 6) is a highly capable, feature-rich programming language made for at least the next hundred years. The primary Raku compiler is called...
- raylib raylib is a cross-platform easy-to-use graphics library, built around OpenGL 1.1, 2.1, 3.3 and OpenGL ES 2.0. Even though it is written in C it has bindings...
- RDF RDF (Resource Description Framework) is a W3C standard data model. The W3C has standardized several RDF syntaxes; examples below use the most popular one,...
- Reason Reason is a syntax over OCaml that is easier to get started for programmers who are familiar with C-style syntax like JavaScript. BuckleScript is part of the...
- Red Red was created out of the need to get work done, and the tool the author wanted to use, the language of REBOL, had a couple of drawbacks. It was not Open So...
- ReScript ReScript is a robustly typed language that compiles to efficient and human-readable JavaScript. It comes with a lightning fast compiler toolchain that scales...
- Rink Rink is a unit-aware calculator for the command line and the browser . Start the Rink REPL with rink, or run a calculation with rink '10 pounds to kilogra...
- reStructuredText (RST) RST, Restructured Text, is a file format created by the Python community to write documentation. It is part of Docutils . RST is a markup language like HTM...
- Ruby ecosystem People using Ruby generally have a way to install different Ruby versions, manage their packages (or gems), and manage their gem dependencies. Ruby Versio...
- Ruby =begin This is a multi-line comment. The beginning line must start with "=begin" and the ending line must start with "=end". You can do this, or start each...
- Rust Rust is a programming language developed by Mozilla Research. Rust combines low-level control over performance with high-level convenience and safety guarant...
- Sass Sass is a CSS extension language that adds features such as variables, nesting, mixins and more. Sass (and other preprocessors, such as Less ) help develope...
- Scala Scala - the scalable language ///////////////////////////////////////////////// // 0. Basics ///////////////////////////////////////////////// /* Setup...
- Scheme Scheme is a minimalist dialect of Lisp that is widely used in education, research, and industry. It emphasizes simplicity, powerful abstractions, and functio...
- sed Sed is a standard tool on every POSIX-compliant UNIX system. It's like an editor, such as Vim, Visual Studio Code, Atom, or Sublime. However, rather than ty...
- Self Self is a fast prototype based OO language which runs in its own JIT vm. Most development is done through interacting with live objects through a visual deve...
- Set theory Set theory is a branch of mathematics that studies sets, their operations, and their properties. A set is a collection of disjoint items. Basic s...
- ShutIt ShutIt is an shell automation framework designed to be easy to use. It is a wrapper around a Python-based expect clone (pexpect). You can look at it as 'ex...
- Sing The purpose of sing is to provide a simple, safe, fast language that can be a good replacement for c++ for high performance applications. Sing is an easy ch...
- SmallBASIC About # SmallBASIC is a fast and easy to learn BASIC language interpreter ideal for everyday calculations, scripts and prototypes. SmallBASIC includes tri...
- Smalltalk Smalltalk is a fully object-oriented, dynamically typed, reflective programming language with no 'non-object' types. Smalltalk was created as the language...
- SNOBOL * SNOBOL, also known for its compiled version: SPITBOL, is a unique programming * language from the 1960s best known for its pattern matching and flow contro...
- Solidity Solidity lets you program on Ethereum , a blockchain-based virtual machine that allows the creation and execution of smart contracts, without requiring cent...
- Sorbet Sorbet is a type checker for Ruby. It adds syntax for method signatures that enable both static and runtime type checking. The easiest way to see it in acti...
- SQL Structured Query Language (SQL) is an ISO/IEC 9075 standard language for creating and working with databases stored in a set of tables. Implementations usu...
- Standard ML Standard ML is a functional programming language with type inference and some side-effects. Some of the hard parts of learning Standard ML are: Recursion, pa...
- Stylus Stylus is a dynamic stylesheet preprocessor language that is compiled into CSS. It aims to add functionality to CSS without breaking compatibility across web...
- Swift Swift is a programming language created by Apple for development across all Apple operating systems. Designed to coexist with Objective-C while being more re...
- Tailspin Tailspin works with streams of values in pipelines. You may often feel that your program is the machine and that the input data is the program. While Tails...
- Tcl Tcl was created by John Ousterhout as a reusable scripting language for circuit design tools that he authored. In 1997 he was awarded the ACM Software Sys...
- tcsh tcsh ("tee-see-shell") is a Unix shell based on and compatible with the C shell (csh). It is essentially the C shell with programmable command-line completio...
- Texinfo Texinfo is a documentation format you can use to create various types of documents from the same source. Its main usage is to create documentation manuals an...
- Textile Textile is a lightweight markup language that uses a text formatting syntax to convert plain text into structured HTML markup. The syntax is a shorthand vers...
- tmux tmux is a terminal multiplexer: it enables a number of terminals to be created, accessed, and controlled from a single screen. tmux may be detached from a s...
- TOML TOML stands for Tom's Obvious, Minimal Language. It is a data serialisation language designed to be a minimal configuration file format that's easy to read d...
- TypeScript TypeScript is a language that aims at easing development of large scale applications written in JavaScript. TypeScript adds common concepts such as classes,...
- Uxntal Uxntal is a stack-machine assembly language targeting the Uxn virtual machine . Stack machine programming might look at bit odd, as it uses a postfix notat...
- V V is a statically typed compiled programming language designed for building maintainable software. It's similar to Go and its design has also been influence...
- Vala In GNOME's own words, "Vala is a programming language that aims to bring modern programming language features to GNOME developers without imposing any additi...
- Vim Vim (Vi IMproved) is a clone of the popular vi editor for Unix. It is a text editor designed for speed and increased productivity, and is ubiquitous in most...
- Vim9 script About Vim9 script # Vim9 script is a modernized, TypeScript-like language to script the Vim text editor. It improves significantly on its predecessor, leg...
- Vimscript " ############## " Introduction " ############## " " Vim script (also called VimL) is the subset of Vim's ex-commands which " supplies a number of features...
- Visual Basic Module Module1 Sub Main() 'A Quick Overview of Visual Basic Console Applications before we dive 'in to the deep end. 'Apostrophe...
- WebAssembly ;; learn-wasm.wast (module ;; In WebAssembly, everything is included in a module. Moreover, everything ;; can be expressed as an s-expression. Alternati...
- Wikitext A wiki is an online collaboratively edited hypertext publication, the most famous of which is Wikipedia. Wikitext is the markup language used by wikis. Its s...
- Wolfram The Wolfram Language is the underlying language originally used in Mathematica, but now available for use in multiple contexts. Wolfram Language has several...
- XML XML is a markup language designed to store and transport data. It is supposed to be both human readable and machine readable. Unlike HTML, XML does not spec...
- YAML YAML is a data serialisation language designed to be directly writable and readable by humans. It's a strict superset of JSON, with the addition of syntacti...
- ZFS ZFS is a rethinking of the storage stack, combining traditional file systems as well as volume managers into one cohesive tool. ZFS has some specific termin...
- Zig Zig aims to be a replacement for the C programming language. WARNING : this document expects you to understand a few basic concepts in computer science, s...